Thomas Paine was a British Enlightenment thinker in the 18th century. He was so much more than a philosopher, though. His ideologies were of immense value during the American Revolution and tumultuous times of Revolutionary France, and he was known for his witty, critical opinions on society and its institutions.by Thomas Paine Because of the great length of this document we have broken it into pieces for ease of loading and navigation. These segments are arbitrary in length, but we have taken care not to break portions that should best be viewed as a whole. Thomas Paine was an English-American political activist, author, political theorist and revolutionary. As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the American Revolution, he inspired the Patriots in 1776 to declare independence from Britain.As he retreated with Washington's men through New Bridge Landing in River Edge, Paine penned the first of his pamphlet series, "The American Crisis." "These are the times that try men's souls." So ...The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of deism. It follows in the tradition of 18th-century British deism, and challenges institutionalized religion and the legitimacy of the Bible. LESSON: THOMAS PAINE, COMMON SENSE, 1776 FULL TEXT “for God’s sake, let us come to a final separation” Thomas Paine C OMMON S ENSE *January 1776 Presented here is the full text of Common Sense from the third edition (published a month after the initial pamphlet), plus the edition Appendix, now considered an integral part of the pamphlet ...Thomas Paine (1737–1809), pamphleteer and revolutionary, is best remembered as the author of Common Sense (1776), an enormously popular and highly influential 47-page pamphlet that resonated across the land with its critique of King George III and hereditary succession and its call for American independence. Thomas Paine (1737–1809), pamphleteer and revolutionary, is best remembered as the author of Common Sense (1776), an enormously popular and highly influential 47-page pamphlet that resonated across the land with its critique of King George III and hereditary succession and its call for American independence. (Painting by Laurent Dabos via ...Apr 4, 2022 · The short biography below lists interesting facts as well as famous quotes from the life of Thomas Paine. Here are the top ten facts about Thomas Paine. 1. He arrived in America with a letter of recommendation from ben franklin. The first half of Thomas Paine’s life was marred by setbacks and sorrow. Born and raised in Norfolk, England, his ... Aldridge, Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1959), 229 37; and Jack Fruchtman Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls, Eight Windows, 1984), 317-44. Eric Foner's Tom Paine and the American Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1976) treats Age only in the epilogue.The Age of Reason; Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology is a work by English and American political activist Thomas Paine, arguing for the philosophical position of deism. It follows in the tradition of 18th-century British deism, and challenges institutionalized religion and the legitimacy of the Bible.Brief Biography On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea. LESSON: THOMAS PAINE, COMMON SENSE, 1776 FULL TEXT “for God’s sake, let us come to a final separation” Thomas Paine C OMMON S ENSE *January 1776 Presented here is the full text of Common Sense from the third edition (published a month after the initial pamphlet), plus the edition Appendix, now considered an integral part of the pamphlet ... Thomas Paine ’s 1776 political pamphlet, Common Sense, was revolutionary in a number of ways. Paine was one of the first to openly advocate for American independence from Great Britain, and in doing so, he sought to appeal to the everyday colonial American reader instead of to fellow political theorists. In order to make his radical case, he ... 1791. Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke 's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). Aug 14, 2001 · The latter, printed “Au Burcau de l’imprimerie, rue du Theatre-Francais, No. 4,” is said to be by “Thomas Paine, Citoyen et cultivateur de l’Amerique septentrionale, secretaire du Congres du departement des affaires etrangeres pendant la guerre d’Amerique, et auteur des ouvrages intitules: LA SENS COMMUN et LES DROITS DE L’HOMME.” Brief Biography On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea.Related Links: Collections: The American Revolution and Constitution Thomas Paine Source: Thomas Paine, The Writings of Thomas Paine, Collected and Edited by Moncure Daniel Conway (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894). Vol. 1.LESSON: THOMAS PAINE, COMMON SENSE, 1776 FULL TEXT “for God’s sake, let us come to a final separation” Thomas Paine C OMMON S ENSE *January 1776 Presented here is the full text of Common Sense from the third edition (published a month after the initial pamphlet), plus the edition Appendix, now considered an integral part of the pamphlet ... Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; February 9, 1737 [O.S. January 29, 1736] – June 8, 1809) was an English-born American Founding Father, political activist, philosopher, political theorist, and revolutionary.Thomas Otten Paine (November 9, 1921 – May 4, 1992), a scientist and advocate of space exploration, was the third Administrator of NASA, serving from March 21, 1969 to September 15, 1970. During his administration at NASA, the first seven Apollo manned missions were flown, including the first ever manned lunar landing by Apollo 11.May 29, 2023 · The true history of America tells us that the struggle to realize this promise did not end in 1776. Or in 1865. Or in 1965. The business of building the new world, as Thomas Paine and Phineas ... Aldridge, Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1959), 229 37; and Jack Fruchtman Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls, Eight Windows, 1984), 317-44. Eric Foner's Tom Paine and the American Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1976) treats Age only in the epilogue.Thomas Paine's polemical pamphlet Common Sense (1776) has been described as the most influential political pamphlet of the 18th century, affecting both the American and French revolutions. Today, the concept of common sense, and how it should best be used, remains linked to many of the most perennial topics in epistemology and ethics , with ... WASHINGTON, October 18, 2019 — Thomas Paine's open call for American independence from Great Britain in Common Sense inspired revolutionaries across the 13 colonies to revolt against the crown. The ripple of insurrection across the Atlantic earned Paine notoriety—and infamy—through the prolific distribution of his pamphlet and his support ...Brief Biography On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea.Related Links: Collections: The American Revolution and Constitution Thomas Paine Source: Thomas Paine, The Writings of Thomas Paine, Collected and Edited by Moncure Daniel Conway (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894). Vol. 1. Thomas Paine Quotes. Quotes tagged as "thomas-paine" Showing 1-28 of 28. “ Tom Paine has almost no influence on present-day thinking in the United States because he is unknown to the average citizen. Perhaps I might say right here that this is a national loss and a deplorable lack of understanding concerning the man who first proposed and ...772 quotes from Thomas Paine: 'The mind once enlightened cannot again become dark.', 'These are the times that try men's souls.', and 'To argue with a man who has renounced the use and authority of reason, and whose philosophy consists in holding humanity in contempt, is like administering medicine to the dead, or endeavoring to convert an atheist by scripture.' Feb 20, 2019 · Thomas Paine (b. 1737–d. 1809) was born in Thetford, England, the son of Joseph Pain [ sic ], a Quaker stay-maker. Educated at the local grammar school, he was apprenticed to his father, but soon tried out several other occupations. By mid-1774 he was in financial difficulties and legally separated from his second wife. Reading Paine From the Left. By. Sean Monahan. Though embraced by the likes of Glenn Beck, Thomas Paine was the American Revolution's most radical figure. When Thomas Paine passed away at his small farm in New Rochelle, New York in 1809, he was impoverished and largely reviled. In the United States, then undergoing a dramatic religious revival ...Facebook has reportedly censored a quote from American Founding Father Thomas Paine, citing its policy against “false information.” Reclaim the Net reported this week that a number of Facebook users have had their posts removed or had their accounts blocked for 24 hours after posting a meme of Thomas Paine along with a quote of his from April 1776.Thomas Paine’s American Ideology by A.O. Aldridge The first book to take Paine’s political philosophy seriously - oriented to the American Revolution The Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism by Staughton Lynd The breakthrough book on the American Revolution that puts Paine in a proper perspective - the new 2009 Introduction is flawed ...Jan 10, 2023 · Thomas Paine published "Common Sense" on this day in history, Jan. 10, 1776. He savaged monarchies, inspired the colonies to rebellion and sold the equivalent of 66 million copies today. The latter, printed “Au Burcau de l’imprimerie, rue du Theatre-Francais, No. 4,” is said to be by “Thomas Paine, Citoyen et cultivateur de l’Amerique septentrionale, secretaire du Congres du departement des affaires etrangeres pendant la guerre d’Amerique, et auteur des ouvrages intitules: LA SENS COMMUN et LES DROITS DE L’HOMME.”Thomas Paine's bastard child. Thomas Paine should be our hero."3 Conway s biography also renewed academic interest in Paine's life and work. In the last forty years, several volumes and scholarly articles on Paine have appeared, many focusing on his political and social thought, others on his American Revolutionary War Patriot, Author. Thomas Paine earned a place in American history with patriotic writings during the American Revolution. Born in England as the son of a corset maker, he only received formal education until the age of twelve. Adulthood found him with many trades, master of none. While working...1791. Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke 's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790).Thomas Paine aka Payne. Born before 26 Apr 1612 in Wye, Kent, England. Son of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] [sibling (s) unknown] Husband of Elizabeth (Litchfield) Paine — married 1633 (to 1645) in London, England. Husband of Mary (Snow) Paine — married before Apr 1651 in Eastham, Plymouth Colony [uncertain]Apr 2, 2014 · Thomas Paine was an English American writer and pamphleteer whose "Common Sense" and other writings influenced the American Revolution, and helped pave the way for the Declaration of... Related Links: Thomas Paine Topic: French Revolution Source: Editor's Introduction to The Writings of Thomas Paine, Collected and Edited by Moncure Daniel Conway (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894). Vol. 3. Introduction to the third volume. With historical notes and documents. In a letter of Lafayette to Washington (“Paris, 12 Jan., 1790”) he writes: “Common Sense is writing for you a ... 1791. Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke 's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). Thomas Paine (1737-1809) could see that traditional Christianity makes no sense but he lived before Charles Darwin. Before Evolution and Natural selection were understood it was difficult to explain life without intelligent design. Therefore Paine became a deist rather than an atheist. Paine was a strong supporter of the rights of man, he opposed slavery and other types of oppression. Paine ... Thomas Paine (b. 1737–d. 1809) was born in Thetford, England, the son of Joseph Pain [ sic ], a Quaker stay-maker. Educated at the local grammar school, he was apprenticed to his father, but soon tried out several other occupations. By mid-1774 he was in financial difficulties and legally separated from his second wife.Thomas Paine (Thetford, Norfolk, Inglaterra, 9 de fevereiro de 1737 - Nova Iorque, 8 de junho de 1809) foi um político britânico, além de panfletário, revolucionário, inventor, intelectual e um dos Pais Fundadores dos Estados Unidos da América. [ 1] Thomas Paine foi, a um só tempo, ator, intérprete e testemunha não apenas das ...by Thomas Paine Applying Principle to Practice, Chapter 4 - Of Constitutions, Part 1 of 2 That men mean distinct and separate things when they speak of constitutions and of governments, is evident; or why are those terms distinctly and separately used?On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea. This adventure didn't last too long, and by 1768 he found ... Mike 'Thomas Paine' Moore is a journalist and broadcaster and today serves as a top news-breaking muckraker. He previously worked for the FBI, White House, DEA, among many other Intel agencies and private concerns. Moore is the recipient of the coveted Gerald Loeb Award for journalism and two-time Pulitzer Prize for Investigative reporting nominee. As a Certified Fraud Examiner, Moore ...Thomas Paine's bastard child. Thomas Paine should be our hero."3 Conway s biography also renewed academic interest in Paine's life and work. In the last forty years, several volumes and scholarly articles on Paine have appeared, many focusing on his political and social thought, others on his Thomas Paine (1737-1809) could see that traditional Christianity makes no sense but he lived before Charles Darwin. Before Evolution and Natural selection were understood it was difficult to explain life without intelligent design. Therefore Paine became a deist rather than an atheist. Paine was a strong supporter of the rights of man, he opposed slavery and other types of oppression. Paine ...Scott Liell's Thomas Paine, Common Sense, and the Turning Point to Independence (Running Press Book Publishers, 2003) is an outstanding short book that explains in just forty-six pages the forces that shaped Paine's thinking, why Common Sense had such a broad, profound impact and how its message spread throughout the American colonies.Thomas Paine (1737-1809) was a vigorous defender of and participant in both the American and French Revolutions. His most famous work is Common Sense (1776) which was an early call for the independence of the American colonies from Britain. His other well known work is The Rights of Man (1791) which was a reply to Burke’s critique of the ...Thomas Paine’s American Ideology by A.O. Aldridge The first book to take Paine’s political philosophy seriously - oriented to the American Revolution The Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism by Staughton Lynd The breakthrough book on the American Revolution that puts Paine in a proper perspective - the new 2009 Introduction is flawed ...Thomas Paine. Reason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. Thomas Paine. My mind is my own church. Thomas Paine. The Vatican is a dagger in the heart of Italy. Thomas Paine. Moderation in temper is always a virtue; but moderation in principle is always a vice. Thomas Paine.Dec 28, 2018 · Thomas Paine had little tolerance or trust for priests or ecclesiastics of any religion. Priests and conjurors are of the same trade. [ The Age of Reason ] One good schoolmaster is of more use than a hundred priests. [Thomas Paine quoted in 2000 Years of Disbelief, Famous People with the Courage to Doubt by James Haught] That God cannot lie, is ... Thomas Paine, (born Jan. 29, 1737, Thetford, Norfolk, Eng.—died June 8, 1809, New York, N.Y., U.S.), English-American writer and political pampleteer. After a series of professional failures in England, he met Benjamin Franklin, who advised him to immigrate to America.Jan 8, 2023 · Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1736 in Thetford England to Joseph Pain (also written Paine), a Quaker, and Frances (n. . . e Cocke), an Anglican. Thomas attended Thetford Grammar School for only a few years from 1744 to 1749, and at the age of thirteen was apprenticed to his father who was a stay-maker. On January 9, 1776, writer Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet “Common Sense,” setting forth his arguments in favor of American independence. Although little used today, pamphlets were ...He hired Thomas Paine as editor. Under Paine's editorship, the new magazine quickly earned a remarkable degree of influence in the colonies, and Paine himself was able to meet and befriend such men as George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Rush, John Randolph, and Samuel Adams, with all of whom he seems to have talked at length.Jul 26, 2021 · Thomas Paine’s pamphlet series – The American Crisis (1776-1783) The American Crisis (1776-1783) is a pamphlet series written by Thomas Paine to keep the ideas of the Revolution fresh in the minds of Americans. The first pamphlet came on toward the late 1776, a time when Thomas Paine’s reputation was skyrocketing, with many of his ... Facebook has reportedly censored a quote from American Founding Father Thomas Paine, citing its policy against “false information.” Reclaim the Net reported this week that a number of Facebook users have had their posts removed or had their accounts blocked for 24 hours after posting a meme of Thomas Paine along with a quote of his from April 1776.Scott Liell's Thomas Paine, Common Sense, and the Turning Point to Independence (Running Press Book Publishers, 2003) is an outstanding short book that explains in just forty-six pages the forces that shaped Paine's thinking, why Common Sense had such a broad, profound impact and how its message spread throughout the American colonies. Age of Reason, Part First, Section 1. IT has been my intention, for several years past, to publish my thoughts upon religion. I am well aware of the difficulties that attend the subject, and from that consideration, had reserved it to a more advanced period of life. I intended it to be the last offering I should make to my fellow-citizens of ...The Age of Reason (1794–1795), Paine’s most controversial work, is an unrestrained assault on the authority of the Bible and a fervent defense of the benevolent God of deism. Included in this volume are a detailed chronology of Paine’s life, informative notes, an essay on the complex printing history of Paine’s work, and an index.Thomas Paine. Reason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. Thomas Paine. My mind is my own church. Thomas Paine. The Vatican is a dagger in the heart of Italy. Thomas Paine. Moderation in temper is always a virtue; but moderation in principle is always a vice. Thomas Paine.Related Links: Thomas Paine Topic: French Revolution Source: Editor's Introduction to The Writings of Thomas Paine, Collected and Edited by Moncure Daniel Conway (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894). Vol. 3. Introduction to the third volume. With historical notes and documents. In a letter of Lafayette to Washington (“Paris, 12 Jan., 1790”) he writes: “Common Sense is writing for you a ...Nov 9, 2009 · Thomas Paine was an England-born political philosopher and writer who supported revolutionary causes in America and Europe. Published in 1776 to international acclaim, “Common Sense” was the... Thomas Paine was born on January 29, 1737, in Thetford, England. His mother Francis Cocke came from a local Anglican family of some distinction. His father Joseph Paine was a Quaker farmer and shoemaker. Although Thomas Paine wasn’t a practicing Quaker, he endured some of the intolerance directed against Quakers.Thomas Paine. Revolucionario liberal inglés (Thetford, Norfolk, Inglaterra, 1737 - Nueva York, 1809). De religión cuáquera, tuvo una juventud aventurera y polifacética, trabajando como marino, industrial y recaudador de impuestos. Ya desde esa época adquirió una intensa preocupación social por los pobres y los marginados; ello le llevó ...1791. Rights of Man (1791), a book by Thomas Paine, including 31 articles, posits that popular political revolution is permissible when a government does not safeguard the natural rights of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the French Revolution against Edmund Burke 's attack in Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790). Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England on January 29, 1737. His father, Joseph, was a tailor who specialized in corsets. His mother, Frances, came from a wealthy family. Thomas grew up as an only child. His only sibling, a sister, died when she was still a baby. Thomas Paine by Matthew Pratt. Religion.All of the following are elements of a strong answer. 1) The purpose was to persuade. 2) The language contains an example of metaphor. 3) Paine speaks directly to his audience. 4) Paine's rhetoric persuaded colonists to support independence to prevent future oppression.Thomas Paine ’s 1776 political pamphlet, Common Sense, was revolutionary in a number of ways. Paine was one of the first to openly advocate for American independence from Great Britain, and in doing so, he sought to appeal to the everyday colonial American reader instead of to fellow political theorists. In order to make his radical case, he ...In the western world, Thomas Paine was the first advocate of a program resembling basic income in his 1797 pamphlet, Agrarian Justice. However, while today many of the arguments for basic income are centered around efficiency and cost‐ effectiveness, Paine offered a rights‐ based approach to justifying basic income.Feb 17, 2011 · Thomas Paine: Citizen of the World. Thomas Paine was a driving force in the 'Atlantic-Democratic revolution' of the late 18th century, personifying the political currents that linked American ... Thomas Paine was a pamphleteer, controversialist and international revolutionary. His Common Sense (1776) was a central text behind the call for American independence from Britain; his Rights of Man (1791–2) was the most widely read pamphlet in the movement for reform in Britain in the 1790s and for the opening decades of the nineteenth ...May 29, 2023 · The true history of America tells us that the struggle to realize this promise did not end in 1776. Or in 1865. Or in 1965. The business of building the new world, as Thomas Paine and Phineas ... Thomas Paine’s American Ideology by A.O. Aldridge The first book to take Paine’s political philosophy seriously - oriented to the American Revolution The Intellectual Origins of American Radicalism by Staughton Lynd The breakthrough book on the American Revolution that puts Paine in a proper perspective - the new 2009 Introduction is flawed ...
Aldridge, Man of Reason: The Life of Thomas Paine (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1959), 229 37; and Jack Fruchtman Jr., Thomas Paine: Apostle of Freedom (New York: Four Walls, Eight Windows, 1984), 317-44. Eric Foner's Tom Paine and the American Revolution (London: Oxford University Press, 1976) treats Age only in the epilogue.. Is ups open on president
Brief Biography On January 29, 1737, Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. His father, a corseter, had grand visions for his son, but by the age of 12, Thomas had failed out of school. The young Paine began apprenticing for his father, but again, he failed. So, now age 19, Paine went to sea.The educational community at Thomas Paine will provide and build a quality educational environment focused on the positive values of Respect, Responsibility, Resilience, and Active Citizenship to instill a sense of honor within our students allowing them to reach high academic standards while preparing them to succeed in a diverse and constantly changing world. Nov 13, 2009 · On January 9, 1776, writer Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet “Common Sense,” setting forth his arguments in favor of American independence. Although little used today, pamphlets were ... Reading Paine From the Left. By. Sean Monahan. Though embraced by the likes of Glenn Beck, Thomas Paine was the American Revolution's most radical figure. When Thomas Paine passed away at his small farm in New Rochelle, New York in 1809, he was impoverished and largely reviled. In the United States, then undergoing a dramatic religious revival ...Thomas Paine. Reason obeys itself; and ignorance submits to whatever is dictated to it. Thomas Paine. My mind is my own church. Thomas Paine. The Vatican is a dagger in the heart of Italy. Thomas Paine. Moderation in temper is always a virtue; but moderation in principle is always a vice. Thomas Paine.The true history of America tells us that the struggle to realize this promise did not end in 1776. Or in 1865. Or in 1965. The business of building the new world, as Thomas Paine and Phineas ...Jul 26, 2021 · Thomas Paine’s pamphlet series – The American Crisis (1776-1783) The American Crisis (1776-1783) is a pamphlet series written by Thomas Paine to keep the ideas of the Revolution fresh in the minds of Americans. The first pamphlet came on toward the late 1776, a time when Thomas Paine’s reputation was skyrocketing, with many of his ... Common Sense by Thomas Paine - Free Ebook. Project Gutenberg. 71,472 free eBooks. 8 by Thomas Paine.Thomas Paine ’s 1776 political pamphlet, Common Sense, was revolutionary in a number of ways. Paine was one of the first to openly advocate for American independence from Great Britain, and in doing so, he sought to appeal to the everyday colonial American reader instead of to fellow political theorists. In order to make his radical case, he ...Thomas Paine Quotes. Quotes tagged as "thomas-paine" Showing 1-28 of 28. “ Tom Paine has almost no influence on present-day thinking in the United States because he is unknown to the average citizen. Perhaps I might say right here that this is a national loss and a deplorable lack of understanding concerning the man who first proposed and ...Oct 9, 2022 · Thomas Paine (1737–1809), or "that dirty little atheist " to Theodore Roosevelt, [1] :239 was the man most responsible for the folk of the United States deciding to fight for their independence . Many would argue that he was the Founding Father of the nation; to quote John Adams (not exactly the biggest Paine admirer), [2] "Without the pen of ... トマス・ペイン. トマス・ペイン （Thomas Paine、 1737年 1月29日 [1] - 1809年 6月8日 ）は、 イギリス 出身の アメリカ合衆国 の 哲学者 、 政治活動家 、政治理論家、 革命思想家 。..